Beginning College Survey of Student Engagement (BCSSE) Results 2020

Executive Summary

First-year students entering Wake Forest University in 2020 scored highest on Importance of Campus Environment and Expected Discussions with Diverse Others while comparing favorably to peers at 71 administering institutions on most other scale scores in the Beginning College Survey of Student Engagement (BCSSE). Among all Wake respondents, nearly three-quarters (71%) said that WFU was their first choice and 97% indicated they expect to graduate from WFU. Many students anticipated spending considerably more time per week preparing for their WFU classes than their high school classes, but less time per week participating in co-curricular activities.

The BCSSE is administered nationally by the Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research and provides information about incoming college students’ background characteristics, high school experiences, attitudes, behaviors, and expectations for college. This is the first year WFU participated in the BCSSE, joining 71 institutions. (List of participating institutions)

The BCSSE was distributed electronically by the Office of Institutional Research during orientation in August 2020 to all of the incoming first-year students (N = 1452). A total of 731 students submitted responses, representing a 50% response rate (estimated margin of error +/- 2.6%). The respondents were fairly representative of the class when comparing distributions across gender, race/ethnicity, and First-Generation status.

For each item below, a 95% confidence interval for the difference between groups (e.g. gender) is calculated. If the difference between groups is found to be statistically significant, this analysis reports effect sizes in order to allow one to compare the magnitude of the difference. Each item that is found to have a difference between groups and indicates a large/medium/small effect size is highlighted in the following colors. To correct nonresponse bias, all analyses were performed with post-stratification weights. This report provides a summary of each section (e.g. BCSEE Scales Comparison) followed by the comparison within the first-year class by gender, race/ethnicity, and First-Generation status. (See here for more on survey analysis methodology.)

Size	Criteria
Large Effect	>= 0.80
Medium Effect	>= 0.50
Small Effect	>= 0.20

BCSSE Scales Summary

Due to the large number of individual questions asked and the complexity of assessing specific areas of potential concern, BCSSE developed nine scale scores which group information gathered from numerous items into a more reliable, cumulative measure. BCSSE scale scores range from 0 to 60 and the mean scale score was then calculated for each student. (Link for Scales Description).

Wake Forest first year students scored highest on Importance of Campus Environment Scale (mean 48.5) and Expected Discussions with Diverse Others (mean 46.0). In the following four scales, WFU scored above the national average with at least a small effect:

• High School Engagement in Quantitative Reasoning: WFU (35.3) vs All (31.7)
• High School Engagement in Learning Strategies: WFU (42.9) vs All (39.4)
• Expected Engagement with Faculty: WFU (35.4) vs All (32.0)
• Importance of Campus Environment Scale: WFU (48.5) vs All (46.0)

First-year students at WFU in 2020 scored differently by gender with a medium effect in the following scales:

• Females (45.6) typically indicated greater levels of High School Engagement in Learning Strategies than males (39.2).
• On average, females (50.2) rated Importance of Campus Environment higher than males (46.0).

White students and Under-represented Minority (URM) students scored equally on almost all scales, except for two (small effect size):

• URM students scored higher (37.1) than White students (34.6) on Expected Engagement with Faculty.
• However, White students reported higher scores (44.4) than URM students (41.5) on Perceived Academic Preparation.

First-Generation students and Non-First-Generation students scored equally on almost all scales, except for two (small effect size):

• Non-First-Generation students scored higher (44.8) than First-Generation (42.3) students on Expected Academic Perseverance Scale.
• Non-First-Generation students scored higher (43.7) than First-Generation (40.8) Perceived Academic Preparation Scale.

For the full lists of the scale score comparisons please see the section BCSSE Scales Comparison.

Individual Items Summary

Although less reliable than scales, individual questions may provide a closer look at specific issues and notable differences across groups. BCSSE consists of two types of items. First, the Respondent Profile presented students with items about their backgrounds and goals. Then, the Frequency Comparison questions asked the regularity with which students engaged in certain activities in high school and how much time they expect to engage in those same activities during their first year at WFU.

Respondent Profile

Among all Wake respondents,

• Nearly three-quarters (71%) said that WFU was their first choice.
• 97% indicated they expect to graduate from WFU.
• Nearly two in five (40%) first-year students indicated already having at least one “close friend” attending Wake.
• About two-thirds (67%) expect they’ll earn at least “A-”s during the coming year.
• A little more than half (58%) reported that they know their intended major – among them, 41% said they would plan to major in STEM and health professions while 28% and 25% chose Business and Social Sciences, respectively.
• More than half (59%) indicated having graduated from a public high school.
• One in ten (11%) students reported that they are First-Generation students, while two in ten (23%) said their parents or those who raised them have Doctoral or professional degrees (JD, MD, etc).
• About one in four (23%) indicated they’ll be using loans to pay for their education and about four in ten students (42%) are using grants or scholarships.

Females and males responded similarly to profile items except for their expected major.

• Almost two in five (39%) male students indicated planning a Business major, while a little less than one in five (19%) female students chose a Business as their intended major.

The respondent profiles by race differed most notably on the following items:

• More URM students (55%) anticipated using grants or scholarships to pay for their education when compared to White students (35%).
• Of those indicating a known major, more White students planned a Business major (White 34% vs URM 19%), while URM students more often chose Social Sciences (White 20% vs URM 31%).

There were differences in the respondent profile between First-Generation students and Non-First-Generation students in the following items:

• A little more than two-thirds of First-Generation students reported using grants or scholarships to pay for their education (72%), while less than two in five Non-First-Generation students (38%) are using them.
• More First-Generation students (44%) indicated they will use loans to pay for their education compared to Non-First-Generation students (21%).

For more information, please refer to Individual Items > Respondent Profile section.

Frequency Comparison

Some overall highlights from these individual items include:

• During their last year of high school, respondents spent on average 13.9 hours per week preparing for class, 12.4 hours participating in co-curricular activities. In comparison, during their first year at Wake, they expected to spend 19.1 hours preparing for class, 11.0 hours participating in co-curricular activities.
• Three-quarters of respondents said that they expect to seek help with coursework very often or often from other students (79%) and faculty members (75%), while half (54%) anticipated relying on Wake’s learning support services.
• The majority of students indicated that they anticipate having discussions very often or often with people from the different races/ethnicities (89%), economic backgrounds (86%), religions (87%), and political views (86%).
• The average incoming student reported during high school completing nearly six Advanced Placement classes and one college course for credit.

The incoming first-year students responded to the items almost equally by gender. One exception noted is that a little more than three in five females (62%) anticipated to seek help with coursework often and very often from learning support services (tutoring, writing center, success coaching, etc.) during the coming year at Wake compared to 42% of male respondents.

White and URM students replied similarly on most items, including items involving diversity of interaction. Roughly 85%-90% of respondents in both groups anticipated during the coming year at Wake often or very often having discussions with individuals from races/ethnicities, economic backgrounds, religions, and political views different than their own. One item of group distinction was regarding anticipated frequency of talking about career plans with a WFU faculty member, where 73% of URM students reported often or very often compared to 60% of White students.

First-Generation and Non-First-Generation students differed only occasionally on specific items. For example, 76% of First-Generation students anticipated during the coming school year they would often or very often to seek help with coursework from faculty members compared to 64% of Non-First-Generation students. Additionally, the average number of college or university courses for credit completed during their high school year was greater for First-Generation students (2.3) than Non-First-Generation students (1.2).

For more information, please refer to Individual Items > Frequency Comparison section.

BCSSE Scales Comparison

WFU vs All Institutions

• \(n^*\) : Post-stratification Sample Size
• All Institutions: 71 Institutions (Including WFU)

	Wake Forest			All Institutions			Effect Size
Scales	n*	mean	sd	n	mean	sd	d
High School Engagement in Quantitative Reasoning	686	35.3	13.6	42,063	31.7	14.3	0.26
High School Engagement in Learning Strategies	685	42.9	12.1	42,128	39.4	12.6	0.28
Expected Engagement in Collaborative Learning	658	38.5	11.3	40,996	36.3	11.6	0.19
Expected Engagement with Faculty	656	35.4	12.2	40,934	32.0	13.0	0.27
Expected Discussions with Diverse Others	655	46.0	11.5	40,860	45.8	13.2
Expected Academic Perseverance Scale	651	44.5	8.1	40,774	43.1	9.3	0.16
Expected Academic Difficulty Scale	649	30.3	9.5	40,730	29.1	10.3	0.12
Perceived Academic Preparation Scale	648	43.4	8.2	40,611	43.9	9.4
Importance of Campus Environment Scale	646	48.5	8.1	40,584	46.0	9.6	0.28

By Gender

• \(n^*\) : Post-stratification Sample Size

	Female			Male			Effect Size
Scales	n*	mean	sd	n*	mean	sd	d
High School Engagement in Quantitative Reasoning	396	34.4	13.5	289	36.7	13.8	-0.17
High School Engagement in Learning Strategies	394	45.6	11.3	292	39.2	12.2	0.55
Expected Engagement in Collaborative Learning	383	39.2	11.4	275	37.5	11.2
Expected Engagement with Faculty	383	36.0	12.1	273	34.7	12.2
Expected Discussions with Diverse Others	381	46.3	11.4	274	45.7	11.5
Expected Academic Perseverance Scale	377	44.9	8.2	273	44.0	8.1
Expected Academic Difficulty Scale	377	31.1	9.8	272	29.0	9.1	0.22
Perceived Academic Preparation Scale	376	42.7	8.1	272	44.4	8.1	-0.22
Importance of Campus Environment Scale	375	50.2	7.9	271	46.0	7.8	0.53

By Race

• \(n^*\) : Post-stratification Sample Size
• URM : Under Represented Minorities (Black or African American, Hispanic/Latino, Asian, Two or more races, Nonresident alien)

	White			URM			Effect Size
Scales	n*	mean	sd	n*	mean	sd	d
High School Engagement in Quantitative Reasoning	460	35.4	13.5	225	35.2	13.9
High School Engagement in Learning Strategies	460	43.2	12.0	226	42.2	12.2
Expected Engagement in Collaborative Learning	438	38.5	11.6	220	38.4	10.8
Expected Engagement with Faculty	436	34.6	12.1	220	37.1	12.1	-0.2
Expected Discussions with Diverse Others	435	45.7	11.3	220	46.7	11.7
Expected Academic Perseverance Scale	433	44.5	8.0	218	44.6	8.4
Expected Academic Difficulty Scale	431	29.9	9.3	219	31.0	10.0
Perceived Academic Preparation Scale	430	44.4	7.7	219	41.5	8.8	0.35
Importance of Campus Environment Scale	429	48.9	7.8	217	47.7	8.7

By First Generation

• \(n^*\) : Post-stratification Sample Size
• First Generation: Neither parents/gauaridans holds a Bachelor’s Degree

	First Generation			Non First Generation			Effect Size
Scales	n*	mean	sd	n*	mean	sd	d
High School Engagement in Quantitative Reasoning	68	36.3	14.9	576	35.1	13.5
High School Engagement in Learning Strategies	68	40.6	13.4	575	43.0	11.9
Expected Engagement in Collaborative Learning	68	39.8	11.5	576	38.3	11.3
Expected Engagement with Faculty	67	36.5	12.3	576	35.3	12.1
Expected Discussions with Diverse Others	68	48.6	12.0	576	45.7	11.4
Expected Academic Perseverance Scale	68	42.3	10.0	574	44.8	7.9	-0.28
Expected Academic Difficulty Scale	68	31.6	9.6	574	30.1	9.6
Perceived Academic Preparation Scale	68	40.8	10.0	575	43.7	7.9	-0.32
Importance of Campus Environment Scale	68	46.9	9.5	576	48.7	7.9

Individual Items Comparison

Respondent Profile Comparison

All Respondents

• \(n^*\) : Post-stratification Sample Size

By Gender

• \(n^*\) : Post-stratification Sample Size

By Race

• \(n^*\) : Post-stratification Sample Size
• URM : Under Represented Minorities (Black or African American, Hispanic/Latino, Asian, Two or more races, Nonresident alien)

By First Generation

• \(n^*\) : Post-stratification Sample Size
• First Generation: Neither parents/gauaridans holds a Bachelor’s Degree

Frequency Comparison

All Respondents

• \(n^*\) : Post-stratification Sample Size

		All Respondents
Item	Subitem	n*	mean	sd
During high school, how many of the following types of classes did you complete?	Advanced Placement (AP)	698	5.7	3.1
During high school, how many of the following types of classes did you complete?	College or university courses for credit	668	1.3	2.5
During high school, how many of the following types of classes did you complete?	International Baccalaureate (IB)	648	0.6	2.0
During your last year of high school, about how many papers, reports, or other writing tasks of the following lengths did you complete?	Up to 5 pages	695	9.4	7.0
During your last year of high school, about how many papers, reports, or other writing tasks of the following lengths did you complete?	Between 6 and 10 pages	688	3.0	3.8
During your last year of high school, about how many papers, reports, or other writing tasks of the following lengths did you complete?	11 pages or more	678	1.1	2.3
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Preparing for class (studying, reading, doing homework, etc.)	659	13.9	7.5
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Working for pay	684	3.4	5.7
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Participating in co-curricular activities (organizations, school publications, student government, sports, etc.)	656	12.4	6.7
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Relaxing and socializing (time with friends, video games, TV or videos, keeping up with friends online, etc.)	663	11.1	6.4
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Preparing for class (studying, reading, writing, doing homework or lab work, analyzing data, rehearsing, and other academic activities)	608	19.1	7.2
During the coming school year, about how many hours do you expect to spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Working for pay on- or off-campus	656	3.2	4.8
During the coming school year, about how many hours do you expect to spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Participating in co-curricular activities (organizations, campus publications, student government, fraternity or sorority, intercollegiate or intramural sports, etc.)	644	11.0	5.8
During the coming school year, about how many hours do you expect to spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Relaxing and socializing (time with friends, video games, TV or videos, keeping up with friends online, etc.)	647	12.1	6.2

			All Respondents
Item	Subitem	Response	n*	%	sd
During your last year of high school, of the time you spent preparing for class in a typical 7-day week, about how much was on assigned reading?	No subitem	Most/Almost all	688	12%	0.33
During the coming school year, of the time you expect to spend preparing for class in a typical 7-day week, about how much will be on assigned reading?	No subitem	Most/Almost all	656	38%	0.49
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Came to class without completing readings or assignments	Often/Very Often	690	8%	0.27
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Prepared two or more drafts of a paper or assignment before turning it in	Often/Very Often	692	45%	0.50
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Reached conclusions based on your own analysis of numerical information (numbers, graphs, statistics, etc.)	Often/Very Often	691	72%	0.45
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Used numerical information to examine a real-world problem or issue (unemployment, climate change, public health, etc.)	Often/Very Often	690	56%	0.50
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Evaluated what others have concluded from numerical information	Often/Very Often	688	59%	0.49
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Identified key information from reading assignments	Often/Very Often	688	91%	0.29
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Reviewed your notes after class	Often/Very Often	687	70%	0.46
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Summarized what you learned in class or from course materials	Often/Very Often	687	74%	0.44
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Included diverse perspectives (political, religious, racial/ethnic, gender, etc.) in course discussions or assignments	Often/Very Often	685	66%	0.47
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Examined the strengths and weaknesses of your own views on a topic or issue	Often/Very Often	684	72%	0.45
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Tried to better understand someone else’s views by imagining how an issue looks from their perspective	Often/Very Often	686	83%	0.38
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Ask another student to help you understand course material	Often/Very Often	658	65%	0.48
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Explain course material to one or more students	Often/Very Often	658	58%	0.49
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Prepare for exams by discussing or working through course material with other students	Often/Very Often	657	79%	0.41
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Work with other students on course projects or assignments	Often/Very Often	657	78%	0.41
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Talk about career plans with a faculty member	Often/Very Often	657	64%	0.48
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Work with a faculty member on activities other than coursework (committees, student groups, etc.)	Often/Very Often	655	52%	0.50
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Discuss your academic performance with a faculty member	Often/Very Often	656	68%	0.47
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Discuss course topics, ideas, or concepts with a faculty member outside of class	Often/Very Often	657	61%	0.49
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Prepare two or more drafts of a paper or assignment before turning it in	Often/Very Often	657	71%	0.45
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Come to class without completing readings or assignments	Often/Very Often	655	6%	0.23
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to have discussions with people from the following groups?	People of a race or ethnicity other than your own	Often/Very Often	655	89%	0.31
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to have discussions with people from the following groups?	People from an economic background other than your own	Often/Very Often	655	86%	0.35
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to have discussions with people from the following groups?	People with religious beliefs other than your own	Often/Very Often	655	87%	0.33
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to have discussions with people from the following groups?	People with political views other than your own	Often/Very Often	654	86%	0.35
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Faculty members	Often/Very Often	649	75%	0.44
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Academic advisors	Often/Very Often	648	61%	0.49
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Learning support services (tutoring, writing center, success coaching, etc.)	Often/Very Often	647	54%	0.50
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Friends or other students	Often/Very Often	648	79%	0.41
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Family members	Often/Very Often	648	22%	0.42
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Other persons or offices	Often/Very Often	647	20%	0.40
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Performing or visual arts programs (band, chorus, theater, art, etc.)	Quite a bit/Very much	686	32%	0.47
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Athletic teams (varsity, JV, club sport, etc.)	Quite a bit/Very much	685	70%	0.46
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Student government	Quite a bit/Very much	685	18%	0.39
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Publications (student newspaper, yearbook, etc.)	Quite a bit/Very much	685	13%	0.34
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Academic clubs or honor societies	Quite a bit/Very much	686	60%	0.49
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Vocational clubs (business, health, technology, etc.)	Quite a bit/Very much	682	17%	0.38
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Religious youth groups	Quite a bit/Very much	683	17%	0.37
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Community service or volunteer work	Quite a bit/Very much	680	68%	0.47

By Gender

• \(n^*\) : Post-stratification Sample Size

		Female			Male			Effect Size
Item	Subitem	n*	mean	sd	n*	mean	sd	d
During high school, how many of the following types of classes did you complete?	Advanced Placement (AP)	394	5.8	3.0	304	5.6	3.2
During high school, how many of the following types of classes did you complete?	College or university courses for credit	381	1.4	2.7	287	1.1	2.2
During high school, how many of the following types of classes did you complete?	International Baccalaureate (IB)	374	0.6	2.1	274	0.6	1.9
During your last year of high school, about how many papers, reports, or other writing tasks of the following lengths did you complete?	Up to 5 pages	395	9.1	6.9	300	9.8	7.2
During your last year of high school, about how many papers, reports, or other writing tasks of the following lengths did you complete?	Between 6 and 10 pages	391	3.0	4.0	297	2.8	3.5
During your last year of high school, about how many papers, reports, or other writing tasks of the following lengths did you complete?	11 pages or more	389	1.2	2.6	290	1.1	1.7
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Preparing for class (studying, reading, doing homework, etc.)	371	14.9	7.7	288	12.5	7.1	0.3
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Working for pay	391	3.8	5.7	293	2.8	5.7	0.2
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Participating in co-curricular activities (organizations, school publications, student government, sports, etc.)	374	12.2	6.6	282	12.7	6.7
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Relaxing and socializing (time with friends, video games, TV or videos, keeping up with friends online, etc.)	385	10.5	6.3	278	12.0	6.5	-0.2
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Preparing for class (studying, reading, writing, doing homework or lab work, analyzing data, rehearsing, and other academic activities)	352	19.5	7.3	255	18.6	7.0
During the coming school year, about how many hours do you expect to spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Working for pay on- or off-campus	381	3.3	5.0	275	3.1	4.6
During the coming school year, about how many hours do you expect to spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Participating in co-curricular activities (organizations, campus publications, student government, fraternity or sorority, intercollegiate or intramural sports, etc.)	370	10.7	5.5	274	11.4	6.1
During the coming school year, about how many hours do you expect to spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Relaxing and socializing (time with friends, video games, TV or videos, keeping up with friends online, etc.)	375	11.8	6.1	272	12.6	6.3

			Female			Male			Effect Size
Item	Subitem	Response	n*	%	sd	n*	%	sd	h
During your last year of high school, of the time you spent preparing for class in a typical 7-day week, about how much was on assigned reading?	No subitem	Most/Almost all	392	15%	0.02	296	9%	0.02	0.18
During the coming school year, of the time you expect to spend preparing for class in a typical 7-day week, about how much will be on assigned reading?	No subitem	Most/Almost all	381	42%	0.03	275	32%	0.03	0.2
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Came to class without completing readings or assignments	Often/Very Often	396	7%	0.01	294	9%	0.02
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Prepared two or more drafts of a paper or assignment before turning it in	Often/Very Often	397	50%	0.03	295	39%	0.03	0.23
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Reached conclusions based on your own analysis of numerical information (numbers, graphs, statistics, etc.)	Often/Very Often	397	69%	0.02	294	77%	0.02	-0.2
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Used numerical information to examine a real-world problem or issue (unemployment, climate change, public health, etc.)	Often/Very Often	397	52%	0.03	293	60%	0.03	-0.16
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Evaluated what others have concluded from numerical information	Often/Very Often	396	56%	0.02	291	63%	0.03
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Identified key information from reading assignments	Often/Very Often	395	93%	0.01	293	88%	0.02	0.18
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Reviewed your notes after class	Often/Very Often	394	78%	0.02	293	60%	0.03	0.37
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Summarized what you learned in class or from course materials	Often/Very Often	395	78%	0.02	292	69%	0.03	0.2
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Included diverse perspectives (political, religious, racial/ethnic, gender, etc.) in course discussions or assignments	Often/Very Often	393	69%	0.02	292	62%	0.03
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Examined the strengths and weaknesses of your own views on a topic or issue	Often/Very Often	394	71%	0.02	290	72%	0.03
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Tried to better understand someone else’s views by imagining how an issue looks from their perspective	Often/Very Often	394	86%	0.02	292	79%	0.02	0.2
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Ask another student to help you understand course material	Often/Very Often	383	70%	0.02	275	60%	0.03	0.21
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Explain course material to one or more students	Often/Very Often	383	57%	0.03	275	59%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Prepare for exams by discussing or working through course material with other students	Often/Very Often	383	81%	0.02	274	75%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Work with other students on course projects or assignments	Often/Very Often	382	79%	0.02	275	77%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Talk about career plans with a faculty member	Often/Very Often	383	67%	0.02	274	61%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Work with a faculty member on activities other than coursework (committees, student groups, etc.)	Often/Very Often	381	55%	0.03	274	48%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Discuss your academic performance with a faculty member	Often/Very Often	383	69%	0.02	273	67%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Discuss course topics, ideas, or concepts with a faculty member outside of class	Often/Very Often	383	61%	0.02	274	60%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Prepare two or more drafts of a paper or assignment before turning it in	Often/Very Often	383	75%	0.02	274	67%	0.03	0.16
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Come to class without completing readings or assignments	Often/Very Often	382	5%	0.01	273	6%	0.01
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to have discussions with people from the following groups?	People of a race or ethnicity other than your own	Often/Very Often	381	89%	0.02	274	90%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to have discussions with people from the following groups?	People from an economic background other than your own	Often/Very Often	381	87%	0.02	274	85%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to have discussions with people from the following groups?	People with religious beliefs other than your own	Often/Very Often	381	89%	0.02	274	86%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to have discussions with people from the following groups?	People with political views other than your own	Often/Very Often	380	85%	0.02	274	87%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Faculty members	Often/Very Often	377	77%	0.02	272	71%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Academic advisors	Often/Very Often	376	64%	0.02	272	56%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Learning support services (tutoring, writing center, success coaching, etc.)	Often/Very Often	375	62%	0.03	272	42%	0.03	0.39
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Friends or other students	Often/Very Often	376	80%	0.02	272	77%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Family members	Often/Very Often	376	24%	0.02	272	19%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Other persons or offices	Often/Very Often	375	24%	0.02	272	16%	0.02	0.19
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Performing or visual arts programs (band, chorus, theater, art, etc.)	Quite a bit/Very much	394	39%	0.02	292	23%	0.02	0.35
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Athletic teams (varsity, JV, club sport, etc.)	Quite a bit/Very much	392	66%	0.02	293	76%	0.02	-0.23
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Student government	Quite a bit/Very much	392	20%	0.02	293	16%	0.02
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Publications (student newspaper, yearbook, etc.)	Quite a bit/Very much	392	16%	0.02	293	8%	0.02	0.24
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Academic clubs or honor societies	Quite a bit/Very much	393	65%	0.02	293	54%	0.03	0.22
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Vocational clubs (business, health, technology, etc.)	Quite a bit/Very much	392	17%	0.02	290	18%	0.02
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Religious youth groups	Quite a bit/Very much	392	18%	0.02	291	16%	0.02
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Community service or volunteer work	Quite a bit/Very much	389	73%	0.02	291	61%	0.03	0.25

By Race

• \(n^*\) : Post-stratification Sample Size
• URM : Under Represented Minorities (Black or African American, Hispanic/Latino, Asian, Two or more races, Nonresident alien)

		White			URM			Effect Size
Item	Subitem	n*	mean	sd	n*	mean	sd	d
During high school, how many of the following types of classes did you complete?	Advanced Placement (AP)	471	5.9	2.9	228	5.2	3.5	0.22
During high school, how many of the following types of classes did you complete?	College or university courses for credit	450	1.2	2.4	218	1.4	2.7
During high school, how many of the following types of classes did you complete?	International Baccalaureate (IB)	435	0.4	1.7	213	1.0	2.5	-0.26
During your last year of high school, about how many papers, reports, or other writing tasks of the following lengths did you complete?	Up to 5 pages	467	9.5	7.0	229	9.2	7.1
During your last year of high school, about how many papers, reports, or other writing tasks of the following lengths did you complete?	Between 6 and 10 pages	465	2.8	3.4	223	3.2	4.4
During your last year of high school, about how many papers, reports, or other writing tasks of the following lengths did you complete?	11 pages or more	460	1.0	2.0	219	1.4	2.7
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Preparing for class (studying, reading, doing homework, etc.)	448	13.8	7.1	211	14.2	8.3
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Working for pay	460	3.2	5.5	225	3.7	6.2
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Participating in co-curricular activities (organizations, school publications, student government, sports, etc.)	440	13.0	6.5	216	11.1	6.8	0.29
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Relaxing and socializing (time with friends, video games, TV or videos, keeping up with friends online, etc.)	446	11.1	6.1	218	11.2	7.0
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Preparing for class (studying, reading, writing, doing homework or lab work, analyzing data, rehearsing, and other academic activities)	418	19.1	7.0	189	19.2	7.6
During the coming school year, about how many hours do you expect to spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Working for pay on- or off-campus	439	2.5	4.3	217	4.6	5.5	-0.42
During the coming school year, about how many hours do you expect to spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Participating in co-curricular activities (organizations, campus publications, student government, fraternity or sorority, intercollegiate or intramural sports, etc.)	430	11.3	5.9	214	10.4	5.6
During the coming school year, about how many hours do you expect to spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Relaxing and socializing (time with friends, video games, TV or videos, keeping up with friends online, etc.)	433	12.5	6.3	214	11.3	5.9	0.21

			White			URM			Effect Size
Item	Subitem	Response	n*	%	sd	n*	%	sd	h
During your last year of high school, of the time you spent preparing for class in a typical 7-day week, about how much was on assigned reading?	No subitem	Most/Almost all	459	12%	0.01	230	13%	0.02
During the coming school year, of the time you expect to spend preparing for class in a typical 7-day week, about how much will be on assigned reading?	No subitem	Most/Almost all	437	39%	0.02	219	37%	0.03
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Came to class without completing readings or assignments	Often/Very Often	462	5%	0.01	228	14%	0.02	-0.3
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Prepared two or more drafts of a paper or assignment before turning it in	Often/Very Often	462	48%	0.02	229	39%	0.03	0.19
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Reached conclusions based on your own analysis of numerical information (numbers, graphs, statistics, etc.)	Often/Very Often	461	75%	0.02	229	66%	0.03	0.2
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Used numerical information to examine a real-world problem or issue (unemployment, climate change, public health, etc.)	Often/Very Often	461	55%	0.02	228	58%	0.03
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Evaluated what others have concluded from numerical information	Often/Very Often	462	60%	0.02	225	57%	0.03
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Identified key information from reading assignments	Often/Very Often	462	92%	0.01	226	90%	0.02
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Reviewed your notes after class	Often/Very Often	462	69%	0.02	226	74%	0.03
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Summarized what you learned in class or from course materials	Often/Very Often	461	74%	0.02	226	74%	0.03
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Included diverse perspectives (political, religious, racial/ethnic, gender, etc.) in course discussions or assignments	Often/Very Often	460	69%	0.02	225	62%	0.03
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Examined the strengths and weaknesses of your own views on a topic or issue	Often/Very Often	458	73%	0.02	226	70%	0.03
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Tried to better understand someone else’s views by imagining how an issue looks from their perspective	Often/Very Often	460	84%	0.02	226	82%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Ask another student to help you understand course material	Often/Very Often	438	66%	0.02	220	65%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Explain course material to one or more students	Often/Very Often	438	58%	0.02	220	58%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Prepare for exams by discussing or working through course material with other students	Often/Very Often	437	79%	0.02	220	78%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Work with other students on course projects or assignments	Often/Very Often	438	78%	0.02	219	80%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Talk about career plans with a faculty member	Often/Very Often	437	60%	0.02	220	73%	0.03	-0.26
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Work with a faculty member on activities other than coursework (committees, student groups, etc.)	Often/Very Often	435	50%	0.02	220	55%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Discuss your academic performance with a faculty member	Often/Very Often	436	66%	0.02	220	73%	0.03	-0.16
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Discuss course topics, ideas, or concepts with a faculty member outside of class	Often/Very Often	437	59%	0.02	220	64%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Prepare two or more drafts of a paper or assignment before turning it in	Often/Very Often	437	72%	0.02	220	71%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Come to class without completing readings or assignments	Often/Very Often	435	4%	0.01	220	9%	0.02	-0.23
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to have discussions with people from the following groups?	People of a race or ethnicity other than your own	Often/Very Often	435	89%	0.02	220	91%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to have discussions with people from the following groups?	People from an economic background other than your own	Often/Very Often	436	86%	0.02	219	87%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to have discussions with people from the following groups?	People with religious beliefs other than your own	Often/Very Often	435	89%	0.02	220	85%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to have discussions with people from the following groups?	People with political views other than your own	Often/Very Often	434	88%	0.02	220	83%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Faculty members	Often/Very Often	430	77%	0.02	219	70%	0.03	0.17
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Academic advisors	Often/Very Often	429	59%	0.02	219	64%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Learning support services (tutoring, writing center, success coaching, etc.)	Often/Very Often	429	52%	0.02	218	57%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Friends or other students	Often/Very Often	430	82%	0.02	219	73%	0.03	0.2
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Family members	Often/Very Often	430	23%	0.02	219	21%	0.03
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Other persons or offices	Often/Very Often	429	19%	0.02	219	22%	0.03
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Performing or visual arts programs (band, chorus, theater, art, etc.)	Quite a bit/Very much	460	29%	0.02	226	39%	0.03	-0.23
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Athletic teams (varsity, JV, club sport, etc.)	Quite a bit/Very much	460	77%	0.02	225	57%	0.03	0.43
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Student government	Quite a bit/Very much	459	18%	0.02	226	20%	0.03
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Publications (student newspaper, yearbook, etc.)	Quite a bit/Very much	459	13%	0.02	226	13%	0.02
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Academic clubs or honor societies	Quite a bit/Very much	460	60%	0.02	226	60%	0.03
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Vocational clubs (business, health, technology, etc.)	Quite a bit/Very much	458	15%	0.02	224	22%	0.03	-0.17
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Religious youth groups	Quite a bit/Very much	458	21%	0.02	225	9%	0.02	0.32
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Community service or volunteer work	Quite a bit/Very much	456	70%	0.02	224	64%	0.03

By First Generation

• \(n^*\) : Post-stratification Sample Size
• First Generation: Neither parent/guardian holds a Bachelor’s Degree

		First Generation			Not First Generation			Effect Size
Item	Subitem	n*	mean	sd	n*	mean	sd	d
During high school, how many of the following types of classes did you complete?	Advanced Placement (AP)	66	5.5	2.8	569	5.8	3.2
During high school, how many of the following types of classes did you complete?	College or university courses for credit	66	2.3	3.3	542	1.2	2.4	0.39
During high school, how many of the following types of classes did you complete?	International Baccalaureate (IB)	63	0.5	1.9	533	0.7	2.1
During your last year of high school, about how many papers, reports, or other writing tasks of the following lengths did you complete?	Up to 5 pages	67	8.1	7.2	570	9.6	7.0
During your last year of high school, about how many papers, reports, or other writing tasks of the following lengths did you complete?	Between 6 and 10 pages	65	2.5	3.8	566	3.0	3.7
During your last year of high school, about how many papers, reports, or other writing tasks of the following lengths did you complete?	11 pages or more	62	0.7	1.4	561	1.2	2.4	-0.26
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Preparing for class (studying, reading, doing homework, etc.)	67	12.5	7.2	545	14.3	7.5
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Working for pay	66	6.2	7.2	568	3.1	5.4	0.49
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Participating in co-curricular activities (organizations, school publications, student government, sports, etc.)	63	12.2	7.7	548	12.5	6.5
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Relaxing and socializing (time with friends, video games, TV or videos, keeping up with friends online, etc.)	62	10.7	7.4	555	11.1	6.2
During your last year of high school, about how many hours did you spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Preparing for class (studying, reading, writing, doing homework or lab work, analyzing data, rehearsing, and other academic activities)	63	16.5	5.2	529	19.5	7.3	-0.47
During the coming school year, about how many hours do you expect to spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Working for pay on- or off-campus	66	5.5	5.8	574	2.9	4.6	0.49
During the coming school year, about how many hours do you expect to spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Participating in co-curricular activities (organizations, campus publications, student government, fraternity or sorority, intercollegiate or intramural sports, etc.)	65	10.8	5.7	564	11.0	5.8
During the coming school year, about how many hours do you expect to spend in a typical 7-day week doing the following?	Relaxing and socializing (time with friends, video games, TV or videos, keeping up with friends online, etc.)	66	10.3	5.6	566	12.4	6.3	-0.35

			First Generation			Non First Generation			Effect Size
Item	Subitem	Response	n*	%	sd	n*	%	sd	h
During your last year of high school, of the time you spent preparing for class in a typical 7-day week, about how much was on assigned reading?	No subitem	Most/Almost all	66	16%	0.05	576	11%	0.01
During the coming school year, of the time you expect to spend preparing for class in a typical 7-day week, about how much will be on assigned reading?	No subitem	Most/Almost all	68	52%	0.06	573	36%	0.02	0.32
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Came to class without completing readings or assignments	Often/Very Often	68	16%	0.04	576	7%	0.01	0.3
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Prepared two or more drafts of a paper or assignment before turning it in	Often/Very Often	68	40%	0.06	578	46%	0.02
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Reached conclusions based on your own analysis of numerical information (numbers, graphs, statistics, etc.)	Often/Very Often	68	71%	0.05	578	73%	0.02
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Used numerical information to examine a real-world problem or issue (unemployment, climate change, public health, etc.)	Often/Very Often	68	57%	0.06	577	55%	0.02
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Evaluated what others have concluded from numerical information	Often/Very Often	68	59%	0.06	577	59%	0.02
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Identified key information from reading assignments	Often/Very Often	68	91%	0.03	577	91%	0.01
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Reviewed your notes after class	Often/Very Often	68	65%	0.06	576	71%	0.02
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Summarized what you learned in class or from course materials	Often/Very Often	68	66%	0.06	577	75%	0.02
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Included diverse perspectives (political, religious, racial/ethnic, gender, etc.) in course discussions or assignments	Often/Very Often	67	65%	0.06	575	66%	0.02
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Examined the strengths and weaknesses of your own views on a topic or issue	Often/Very Often	68	70%	0.06	575	71%	0.02
During your last year of high school, about how often did you do the following?	Tried to better understand someone else’s views by imagining how an issue looks from their perspective	Often/Very Often	68	83%	0.05	577	83%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Ask another student to help you understand course material	Often/Very Often	68	67%	0.06	576	65%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Explain course material to one or more students	Often/Very Often	68	58%	0.06	576	57%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Prepare for exams by discussing or working through course material with other students	Often/Very Often	67	79%	0.05	576	79%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Work with other students on course projects or assignments	Often/Very Often	68	81%	0.05	575	78%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Talk about career plans with a faculty member	Often/Very Often	67	70%	0.06	576	63%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Work with a faculty member on activities other than coursework (committees, student groups, etc.)	Often/Very Often	68	59%	0.06	574	51%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Discuss your academic performance with a faculty member	Often/Very Often	67	70%	0.06	576	68%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Discuss course topics, ideas, or concepts with a faculty member outside of class	Often/Very Often	68	58%	0.06	576	61%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Prepare two or more drafts of a paper or assignment before turning it in	Often/Very Often	68	73%	0.05	576	72%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to do the following?	Come to class without completing readings or assignments	Often/Very Often	67	9%	0.04	575	5%	0.01
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to have discussions with people from the following groups?	People of a race or ethnicity other than your own	Often/Very Often	68	90%	0.04	576	89%	0.01
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to have discussions with people from the following groups?	People from an economic background other than your own	Often/Very Often	68	88%	0.04	575	86%	0.01
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to have discussions with people from the following groups?	People with religious beliefs other than your own	Often/Very Often	68	90%	0.04	576	87%	0.01
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to have discussions with people from the following groups?	People with political views other than your own	Often/Very Often	68	88%	0.04	575	86%	0.01
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Faculty members	Often/Very Often	68	64%	0.06	575	76%	0.02	-0.28
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Academic advisors	Often/Very Often	68	65%	0.06	574	60%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Learning support services (tutoring, writing center, success coaching, etc.)	Often/Very Often	68	57%	0.06	574	53%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Friends or other students	Often/Very Often	68	72%	0.05	575	79%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Family members	Often/Very Often	68	22%	0.05	575	22%	0.02
During the coming school year, about how often do you expect to seek help with coursework from the following sources?	Other persons or offices	Often/Very Often	67	13%	0.04	575	21%	0.02
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Performing or visual arts programs (band, chorus, theater, art, etc.)	Quite a bit/Very much	67	44%	0.06	578	31%	0.02	0.26
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Athletic teams (varsity, JV, club sport, etc.)	Quite a bit/Very much	68	65%	0.06	576	71%	0.02
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Student government	Quite a bit/Very much	68	27%	0.05	576	17%	0.02
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Publications (student newspaper, yearbook, etc.)	Quite a bit/Very much	68	11%	0.04	576	13%	0.01
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Academic clubs or honor societies	Quite a bit/Very much	68	60%	0.06	578	60%	0.02
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Vocational clubs (business, health, technology, etc.)	Quite a bit/Very much	67	19%	0.05	574	16%	0.02
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Religious youth groups	Quite a bit/Very much	67	16%	0.04	575	17%	0.02
During your high school years, how involved were you in the following activities at your school or elsewhere?	Community service or volunteer work	Quite a bit/Very much	67	68%	0.06	572	67%	0.02